Electric propulsion systems are designed according to the power station. In this type of propulsion, the electric motor is placed under the ship. Electric propulsion applications and impacts frank m. Electrostatic propulsion devices electrothermal propulsion devices electromagnetic propulsion devices. The electric propulsion system used on merchant ships is categorized into twotypes depending upon type of prime mover attached to it. This important new book explains the fundamentals of electric propulsion for spacecraft and describes in detail the physics and characteristics of the two major electric thrusters in use today, ion and hall thrusters. The permanent magnet synchronous motor pmsm is increasingly playing an important role in electric propulsion systems due to its many advantages over competing technologies. Busan3 nasa langley research center, hampton, va, 23681 electric propulsion enables radical new vehicle concepts, particularly for vertical. In 1893, one of the first electric boats electricity carried passengers on the river thames in england.
For successful operation of the pmsm, rotor position and speed information is required. The electric motor is controlled by a frequency converter. Moreover, at least one electric motor is responsible totally or partially for the vehicle propulsion. How electric spacecraft could fly nasa to mars space. Pdf largescale electric propulsion systems in ships. Benefits of hybrid electric propulsion to achieve 4x increase in cruise efficiency for a vtol aircraft william j. Electric propulsion systems for ships topics yoshifumi ajioka kiyoshi ohno increasing use of electric propulsion systems on ships as is the case with general automobiles that are driven on land, the main type of engine used on ships is the internal combustion engine motors such as diesel engines and gas turbines.
Basic principles of ship propulsion 7 indication of a ship s size displacement and deadweight when a ship in loaded condition floats at an arbitrary water line, its displacement is equal to the relevant mass of water displaced by the ship. Edition october 2015 page 3 propulsion, power generation and auxiliary systems. The rover and the nuclear engine for rocket vehicle app li cations programs ran from soon after nasas inception in 1958 until 1972. The use of electrical power enhances the propulsive performances of the ep thrusters compared with conventional chemical thrusters. Ions are extracted from the re the primary losses in this thrustor are the discharge power and the cathode heating power in the ion source. Basic principles of ship propulsion man energy solutions. Electric propulsion makes it possible to reduce the mass of satellites, leading to lower launch costs for a given mission andor a more capable satellite for a given mass. Among all prospective alternate power sources for ships, electrical propulsion system is one of the most promising alternatives in tod ys tim. This paper draws parallels between the synergy of hybrid electric propulsion for automotive and aviation. The uavs performance and endurance, the payload capacity and the. Airbus defence and space has been using electric propulsion for station keeping for more than ten years, and is building the first large satellites using only electric.
Diesel electric propulsion systems are used on ships with special requirements. Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion wikipedia. The demonstration of electric propulsion was an ion engine carried on board the sert1 space electric rocket test spacecraft, launched on 20 july 1964 and it operated for 31 minutes. Aerojet rocketdyne has been developing electric propulsion since 1983 and today, more than 150 satellites use electric propulsion built by the company. Electric power and propulsion systems electric power generation and propulsion is a solution optimized for an environmentally aware era, and which answers shipyard and shipowners needs for fuel economy, higher flexibility both for installation and operation, better comfort on board, increased availability and an inherent capacity to be. A hybrid electrical mechanical propulsion system was designed. Cruise the main driver for electrical propulsion is space saving and space optimization. Electric propulsion systems are designed according to. Dieselelectric propulsion plants guideline 20120731. The simplest way to achieve electric propulsion is to replace the heat generated by combustion in chemical engines with electrical heating. It is a modification of the combined diesel electric. New study on dual fuel diesel electric propulsion for lng.
Electric propulsion systems, electric drive systems. Though a steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine continue to play the role of the prime mover, for most ships electric propulsion becomes the more and more appropriate solution. Electric propulsion uses electric energy to energize or accelerate the propellant. Nuclear thermal propulsion ntp nasas history with nuclear thermal propulsion ntp technology goes back to the earliest days of the agency. Benefits for the environment the main propulsion and thruster on this bulk carrier, with a 499 gross tonnage, utilize variable speed electric propulsion, which saves energy and is environmental. Nasa is researching ideas that could lead to the development of electric propulsion powered aircraft, which would be quieter, more efficient and environmentally friendly than todays commuter aircraft. Power accounting for ship electric propulsion valery vodovozov and tonu lehtla tallinn university of technology estonia valery. These systems are based on the principle of speed controlled ac or dc motors driving the propeller directly or by gearing. Since the early 20th century, icebreakers have employed the flexibility and easy control of dc motors to provide for ship operations that split ice with back and forth motion of the ship.
Benefits of hybridelectric propulsion to achieve 4x. Electric propulsion system for ships the marine express. For us, the idea for implementing electric propulsion started when we read an article in. However, full ship battery propulsion requires further technical development and is likely to be confined to relatively small ships. The world is becoming electric in aviation as well we develop serial hybrid electric propulsion systems for aircraft the technology is scalable and will soon be making its way into small aircraft and, in the future, into commercial. Unit means any ship or vessel or offshore unit or structure of any type or part of it or system whet her linked to shore, river bed or sea bed or not, whether operated or located at sea or in inland waters or partly on. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the. In chronological order, spacecrafts are listed equipped with electric space propulsion. Dec 16, 2014 electric propulsion the acceleration of gases for propulsion by electric heating andor by electric and magnetic body forces. For the purpose of analysis, the propulsion system has been separated.
This employed a low power dc propulsion motor, supplied via the ship s diesel generators, for slow speed quiet operations. Electric propulsion our first 2,500 miles every decision starts somewhere. Electric propulsion systems, electric drive systems the concept of electric propulsion is over 100 years old with batterypowered vessels recorded in russia and germany around 1870. Diesel electric drive takes less space than the equivalent directdrive twostroke engine allowing the aft section to be slimmer and giving better flow over the propeller. An electricallypowered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical, and possibly also magnetic fields, to change the velocity of a spacecraft. Integrated electric propulsion iep or full electric propulsion fep or integrated full electric propulsion ifep is an arrangement of marine propulsion systems such that gas turbines or diesel generators or both generate threephase electricity which is then used to power electric motors turning either propellers or waterjet impellors. Most of these kinds of spacecraft propulsion systems work by electrically expelling propellant reaction mass at high speed electric thrusters typically use much less propellant than chemical rockets because they have a higher exhaust speed operate.
Aircraft electrical propulsion 3 in 2017, roland berger wrote about the new and burgeoning trend of electrical propulsion emerging in the aerospace industry. Aviation optimization possibilities thanks to electric propulsion are less or no fuel consumption and pollution by using hybrid or full electric drives increase of aerodynamic efficiency of aircraft by distributed propulsion silent propulsion for night starts and landings lower operation costs fuel, maintenance. Control and optimization of electric ship propulsion. Onboard dc grid the step forward in power generation and propulsion fig. Wickenheiser lewis research center cleveland, ohio prepared for the 46th international astronautical congress sponsored by the international astronautical federation oslo, norway, october 26, 1995 i t. Electric propulsion laboratory jpls 6kw laboratory hall thruster under test in the electric propulsion laboratorys endurance test facility the electric propulsion ep laboratory at jpl maintains several vacuum facilities for evaluating the operation, performance, lifetime, and integration of electric thrusters and related technologies on. College of engineering explains the basics of electric propulsion. Air force, aerojet rocketdyne has successfully transitioned three generations of electric propulsion devices into commercial applications. This includes both cruise engines andor thrusters for attitude and orbit control. You hear about a new system idea, read an article, talk with others about options, do research but it is often hard to say where the speci. Different solutions are available when using an electric motor for marine propulsion, one of which is called pod. Electric propulsion systems for ships wide project. The most reliable and low noise design is the direct drive.
Due to the advantages of electric motors and electric batteries, the electric propulsion systems are widely used in uavs 1,2. Simulations show that diesel electric propulsion can be the most fuel efficient solution for lng carriers under realistic operating conditions. Kerrebrock and subsequently adapted by manuel martinezsanchez. The general classes of systems for electric propulsion are. May 17, 20 traditional spacecraft engines use chemical propulsion, but newer electric technologies such as solar electric propulsion are gaining steam, and may be considered as part of nasas plan to send. Progress in astronautics and aeronautics, volume 9. Integrated between the electric machines, batteries, and power electronics integrated between the cooling system and the other systems compatible with the available incoming air and heat exhaust mechanisms this program will develop and integrate these techniques for both 200 kw and 1 mw electric propulsion engines. Electrical plants onboard modern cruise ships and offshore rigs have nowadays reached a size and complexity comparable or even superior to big industrial plants and power plants. Control and optimization of electric ship propulsion systems with hybrid energy storage by jun hou a dissertation submitted in partial ful llment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy electrical engineering. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service. The state of the art of electrical technologies for motors, generators, power distribution, and power electronics will need to advance to enable turboelectric propulsion concepts for large commercial aircraft. A followup mission launched on 3 february 1970, sert2, carried two ion thrusters, one operated for more than five months and the other for almost three months. Diesel electric propulsion systems are used on ships with special operational requirements.
The concept of electric propulsion is over 100 years old with batterypowered vessels recorded in russia and germany around 1870. Jpl researchers have shown how a new technology called magnetic shielding significantly increases the life of hall thrusters while enabling operating voltages 100 percent higher than previously demonstrated. Though a steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine continue to play the role of the prime mover, for most ships electric propulsion becomes. Increased fuel efficiency reduced noise higher peak power parallel redundancy use electric propulsion enhancements to address some of the drawbacks in fuelburning engines. Displacement is thus equal to the total weight, all told, of the relevant loaded ship, nor.
Largescale electric propulsion systems in ships using an active frontend rectifier article pdf available june 2019 with 129 reads how we measure reads. Electric propulsion ep is a class of space propulsion which makes use of electrical power to accelerate a propellant by different possible electrical andor magnetic means. The ships are the first royal navy vessels to have integrated electric and azipod. Electric propulsion components with high power densities for.
The latter are the result of high diesel electric propulsion efficiency and lowcost maintenance. Electrothermal propulsion, wherein the propellant is heated by some electrical process, then expanded through a suitable nozzle 2. Systems in the university of michigan 2017 doctoral committee. The benefit of such an evaluation is that all of the propulsion options being considered by the u. Fully electric propulsion on a passenger ship becomes possible. This was complemented by gas turbines, driving through a reduction gearbox, for higher speed operations. It incorporates an electric single or doublewound ac motor mounted directly on the extremely short propeller shaft. Future trends of electrical propulsion and implications to. Electric and hybridelectric propulsion systems springerlink. Electric propulsion using the permanent magnet synchronous. These systems are based on the principle of speed controlled ac motors driving the propeller directly or by gearing. Dnvglrushippt6ch2 propulsion, power generation and.
Electric propulsion is not a new concept, having been studied in parallel with chemical propulsion for many years, and sciencefiction writers have always been fascinated by it. Electric propulsion with diesels used as prime movers. P a r t 6 c h a p t e r 2 c h a n g e sc u r r e n t rules for classification. Electric propulsion satellites telecommunications airbus. Physics of electric propulsion, robert jahn, mcgrawhill, 1968. Onboard dc grid the step forward in power generation and. Electric power generation and propulsion is a solution optimized for an environmentally aware era, and which answers shipyard and ship owners needs for fuel economy, higher flexibility both for installation and operation, better comfort on board, increased availability and an inherent capacity to be configured for fault tolerance and graceful degradation. Jul 08, 2017 electric propulsion system electric propulsion is a generic name encompassing all of the ways of accelerating a propellant using electrical power. Technical innovation allows diesel generators to burn gas. Electric machines, power electronics, electric propulsion system for ships. Potential advantages over conventional propulsion, where peak and cruise powers are significantly different. The continuous increase of the size of ships and the generally accepted adoption of electrical propulsion has led to the installation of mv power generation and. Frigate propulsion type and displacement versus time 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 6,000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140.
Electric propulsion technologies generate thrust via electrical energy that may be derived either from a solar source, such as solar photovoltaic arrays, which convert solar radiation to electrical power, or from a nuclear source, such as a spacebased fission drive. The jpl electric propulsion group has won this award 9 out of 10 times since 2004. Shaft in line propulsion justifying the name, the shaft from prime mover is used to turn the propeller by either with the help of high speed motor or by reduction gear or directly by a slow speed motor. List of spacecraft with electric propulsion wikipedia. Electrostatic propulsion, wherein the propellant is. Spacecraft powered by typical electric propulsion systems may eject propellant at up to 20 times the speed of conventional chemical systems, delivering a much higher specific impulse, or the amount of thrust obtained for the weight of fuel burned. Key issues in winning this contract were the units excellent propulsion performance and low lifecycle costs. Review of all electric and hybrid electric propulsion technology for small vessels march 2015 1 1. By shifting into electrical propulsion it is possible to reduce the space occupied by main propulsion systems and above all to place the different equipment in a way. The conference focuses on the existing problems in electric propulsion and their possible solutions. Abstract electric propulsion of ships has experienced steady expansion for several decades. Ion and hall thrusters march 2008 the research described in this publication was carried out at the jet propulsion laboratory, california institute of technology, under a contract with the national aeronautics and space administration. Pdf electric propulsion research and development at jpl.
Nevertheless, batterybased propulsion would be beneficial due to producing no co 2, no x, so x, volatile organic or particulate emissions in operation. Electric marine propulsion systems ge power conversion. Electric propulsion components with high power densities. Course notes will also be provided in pdf format on the class distance education network. Electrical plants and electric propulsion on ships. Katz, electric propulsion for jpl missions aiaa20053674, 41 st aiaa joint propulsion conference, tucson, az, july 10, 2005. Throughout most of the twentieth century, electric propulsion was considered the technology of the future. Current technical challenges electrical technologies.
Displacement is thus equal to the total weight, all told, of the relevant loaded ship. While in conventional icebased vehicles the energy carrier is a fossil fuel, electric and hybridelectric propulsion systems are characterized by the presence of an electrochemical or electrostatic energy storage system. Jan 04, 2017 fully electric propulsion on a passenger ship becomes possible posted on january 4, 2017 january 4, 2017 by news hound the norwegian explorer cruise line, hurtigruten, is to build its two new expedition ships using a new and environmentally sustainable hybrid, electric propulsion technology from rollsroyce. The most famous spaceships in the sf literature are powered by electricpropulsion engines, like the discovery in the film 2001. This section includes select lecture notes for the course excluding lessons on aircraft propulsion and jet engine rotordynamics. Aircraft electrical propulsion onwards and upwards. Review of allelectric and hybridelectric propulsion.